Q4Bhopal

**__Question 4: __ How did it happen? Who or what caused the disaster? Why did it happen?**

The UCIL factory was built in 1969 to produce the pesticide (insect killer) using methyl isocyanate (MIC) as an intermediate. A MIC production plant was added in 1979. Between the nights of December 2–3, 1984, a big amount of water went into a tank containing 42 tons of MIC. The follow-on [|exothermic reaction]  increased the temperature inside the tank to more than 200 °C (392 °F) and put up the pressure. The tank opened and released toxic and poisonous gases into the air. The gases were blown by northwesterly winds over Bhopal. At the time, employees were washing out a pipe had been blocked with water about 400 feet from the tank. The workers supposed that owing to bad maintenance and leaking valves, it was likely for the water to enter the tank. Early the next morning, UCIL's investigation team found no evidence of the necessary link; however, the investigation was completely managed by the government rejecting UCC investigators got into the tank or conference with the workers. The 1985 news gave a picture of what guided to the disaster and how it developed, even though they were different in details. Reasons that led to the magnitude of the gas leak comprise:
 * Storing MIC in large tanks and filling further than recommended levels
 * Poor continuing after the plant stopped MIC production at the end of 1984
 * Low safety systems (due to poor maintenance)
 * Safety systems being switched off to save money—including the MIC tank refrigeration system

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 18px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.6pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 18px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.6pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Timeline, summary **__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">At the plant

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Outside
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">21:00 Workers began water cleaning pipes.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">22:00 Water entered tank 610, reaction starts.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">22:30 Gases are produced from the vent gas scrubber tower.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">00:30 The large siren sounds and is turned off.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">00:50 The siren is heard within the plant area. The workers escaped.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">22:30 First sensations due to the gases are felt—suffocation, cough, burning eyes and vomiting.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">1:00 Police are alerted. Residents of the area left. Union Carbide director rejected any leak.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2:00 The first people reached Hamidia Hospital. Symptoms include visual injuries and blindness, respiratory difficulties, frothing ( bubbles ) at the mouth, and vomiting.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">2:10 The alarm is heard outside the plant.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">4:00 The gases are brought under control.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">7:00 A police loudspeaker announced: "Everything is normal".

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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">﻿ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Question 1 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Question 2 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Question 3 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Question 4

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Question 5 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Question 6 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">